The Black Panther Party By Jessica C. Harris - 1053 Words

This article takes an inside and out investigation of The Black Panther Party as a particular illustration for progressive patriotism and breaks down altogether the positive commitments they made and in addition the negative parts of the gathering. Jessica C. Harris, who was fixated on the historical backdrop of the organization, did research and composed the paper. This exhert (pages from 409-421) is from The Journal of Negro History, Volume 86, No. 3. (Summer, 2001). The entire paper epitomizes the writer s wide extension, impeccable written work abilities and clear rationale in breaking down a questionable point. Black Nationalism is a belief system that goes for freeing African americans from mistreatment and setting up self-determination for the black comunity. Harris touches on Classical Black Nationalism and Contemporary Black Nationalism. Traditional Black Nationalism is essentially as slave rebellions. Be that as it may, Contemporary Black Nationalism can be partitioned into four sections: instructive, religious, social and also progressive patriotism. The Black Panther Party, a standout amongst the most well known progressive patriot associations, held the conviction that the administration around then should have been be changed to meet the requests for the black community. Under the comprehension of a communist point of view, two youthful black activists, Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton established the Black Panther Party in a general sense forShow MoreRelatedHis 29 Essay1028 Words   |  5 PagesJournal Article Review Revolutionary Black Nationalism: The Black Panther Party takes an in-depth look into the Black Panther Party as a specific example for revolutionary nationalism and analyzes thoroughly the positive contributions they made as well as the negative aspects of the party. Jessica C. Harris, who was obsessed with the history of the party, did research and wrote the paper. This journal (pages from 409-421) is from The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 86, No. 3. (Summer, 2001)Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages................................................................................. 553 Exercises .......................................................................................................................................... 555 1 C H A P T E R 1 How to Reason Logically T he goal of this book is to improve your logical-reasoning skills. Your logical-reasoning skills are a complex weave of abilities that help you get someones point, generate reasons for your own pointRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

The Effects of Social Networking Sites on the Academic...

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION Based on the studies today , social media has influenced students to rely on the accessibility of information that is available on the internet .The students are reduced on focusing on their learning as well as on retaining the information. In the Philippines the quality of education is getting low because of the short period of education ,so that’s why the K to12 became was born. The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High School) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare†¦show more content†¦A year after its launch , Friendster boasted more than three million registered users and a ton of investment interest. More than tripling that number according to recent estimates is Myspace also launched in 2003 . Though it no longer resides upon the social networking throne in many English speaking countries-that honor now belongs to Facebook in places like Canada and the UK . Facebook now leads the global social networking pack . Founded like many social networking sites , by university students who initially peddled their produc t to other university students , Facebook launched in 2004 as a Harvard-only exercise and remained a campus-oriented site for two full years before finally opening to the general public in 2006.Yet even by that time Facebook was seriously big business tens of millions of dollars already invested and Silicon Valley bigwigs such as billionaire PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel firmly behind it. The rise of internet literacy of users and the trend of Social network have presented enormous challenges for schools to improve outcomes and extend access to a broad range of students . The web represents a paradigm shift in education and signifies on evolving change in learning style where information is shared with a wider community According to Boid and Ellison on their study entitled â€Å"Social Network Sites definition,Show MoreRelatedThe Effect of Social Networking Sites to the Academic Performance of Students2842 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ A STUDY ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES TO A STUDENT’S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE Kurt Jonas L. Adonis Errol A. Buenaventura Researchers Mrs. Marilyn S. Roque Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School December 2013 Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge our former teacher in research Mrs. Kathyryn Alvarez for teaching us the basics of research. Without her, we would not know anything about research. We would also like to acknowledge our current teacherRead MoreA Look Out for Academic Impacts of Social Networking Sites (Snss): a Student Based Perspective6793 Words   |  28 Pages5897/AJBM11.595 ISSN 1993-8233  ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper A look out for academic impacts of Social networking sites (SNSs): A student based perspective Ishfaq Ahmed* and Tehmina Fiaz Qazi Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Accepted 20 April, 2011 This study implies the exploration of relationship between SNSs usage and educational performance of the student users. A sample of one thousand students was selected from different universitiesRead MoreHow Facebook Affects Students3860 Words   |  16 PagesHow Facebook Affects One Academic Performance How Facebook affects one’s academic performance I. INTRODUCTION Facebook are currently being used regularly by millions of people. The use of these networking sites has been widespread that they have not only caught the attention of  academic researchers worldwide but also us, in particular. Social networking sites are now being investigated by numerous social science researchers and an increasing number of  academic commentators are becoming more andRead MoreThe Influence of Social Networking and Study Habit on Academic Performance3500 Words   |  14 PagesTHE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING AND READING HABIT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATES EKWERIKE ONYEDIKA 090651012 LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY, OJO (JULY, 2012) ABSTRACT This paper discusses in details the Research proposal on the influence of social networking and reading habits among university undergraduates. In particular the research will focus on the question â€Å"does social networking and reading habits affects the academic performance of university undergraduates? If it doesRead MoreTeenage Struggle4860 Words   |  20 Pagesconfined to a certain nation or country only, but rather, to the whole human population. Effects of these technologies in the fields of medicine, education, transportation, communication, economics, and warfare, to name a few, are globally observable. Information superhighway is undoubtedly one of the most developed fields. Extensive researches have been done to improve this indispensable field. Social Networking communities are here to stay. Facebook has over 500 million users, while twitter has overRead MoreEFFECT OF THE SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON THE STUDY HABBITS OF THE STUDENTS1840 Words   |  8 PagesEFFECT OF THE SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON THE STUDY HABBITS OF THE STUDENTS A Research Paper Presented to Ms. Patricia Orpilla By: Ma. Excelsis Dhea T. Arganoza Rose Ann Garcia Kamille Logo Jennifer Capillan Christine Vallejo Michelle Connie Pascual Rainer Rosales INTRODUCTION In our present generations, there a lot of technologies have been deployed to make things easier. One of them is the Social Networking Sites it is very useful in many ways, and it is easy to use by anyone apparently mostRead More The Dark Side of Facebook Essay2325 Words   |  10 Pages Today, students rely on social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram more than they rely on food to nourish their bodies. An average Facebook user wastes over 18.5 hours a month on social networking sites. It is noticeable that the more attention students are giving these social networks, the more poorly they do in school. Younger students carelessly expose all their personal information on these social networks. 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On social Websites, the number of friendsRead MoreEffect of Social Media2847 Words   |  12 Pages ScholarsArchive@JWU MBA Student Scholarship The Alan Shawn Feinstein Graduate School 11-1-2011 The Effects of Social Media on College Students Qingya Wang Johnson Wales University - Providence, qaw733@jwu.edu Wei Chen Johnson Wales University - Providence Yu Liang Johnson Wales University - Providence, yul118@jwu.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsarchive.jwu.edu/mba_student Part of the Education Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences CommonsRead MoreThe Impact of Facebook on Students Academic Performance Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesfamous social networking websites which has become a part of the daily routine for most college students. This has led to a question amongst researchers whether students’ use of this networking site influences their academic outcomes. This literature review will examine and synthesize the published current research concerning the impact of Facebook on college students’ academic performance. Even though most studies are inconclusive in determining the relationship between Facebook and academic performance

Human Resource Management Skills and Capabilities

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management for Skills and Capabilities. Answer: Introduction The success of an organization in the industry of operation depends on the skills and capabilities of the workforce available in the workplace of the organization. So the human resources of the organization are considered to be the most important resources in the business model of the organization as they are responsible for the completion of the various business activities and functions. Hence the human resource management process in an organization is considered to be one of the most important modules of the business model of an organization. This report focuses on the human resource management process implemented in the ABC service agency. The report also describes the focus of the human resource management process of the ABC service agency to attract and retain skillful and valuable employees (Nickson, 2013). Organizational background This section of the report provides a comprehensive background of the organization along with its operations in the corresponding country of operation and the direction in which the organization is advancing in. The business model and the HRM process of the organization are based on these factors of the organization. ABC service agency is responsible for supporting children and adults with disability to get through the normal expenses of lives along with their families. The organization has been operating as a volunteer by providing various financial supports to the children and adults with disabilities from the year of 1961. The organization currently supports close to 2000 children and adults with disabilities annually and provides financial support to the children and adults with disabilities along with their families through their lives. The organization continuous analyzes its services and supports provided to the children and adults with disabilities, to ensure that they are of the highest quality and effectiveness. The organization continuously assesses the community needs and requirements to fill the gaps in the current services provided by the organization either by the modification of the existing services or by addition of new services (Renwick, 2013). Vision The vision of the ABC service agency focuses on the future of the organization in the year of 2025. The organization aims at greater acceptance of the services of the organization by the community and better satisfaction of the communitys needs through utilization of the state-of-the-art technologies and methodologies. The organization also aims at the distribution of much higher quality of lives to the children and adults with disabilities through the services provided by the organization. The organization aims at effectively satisfying the needs of the community through the changes in the various factors of the community till the year of 2025. The organization also aims at providing various new services to the targeted customers according to the changing requirements and needs of the community (Purce, 2014). Mission and objectives The mission statement of the organization is, achieving full community life for children and adults with disabilities one person at a time. This mission statement of ABC service agency highlights two of the major components of the organizations mission. The organization aims at providing the children and adults with disabilities enough support to allow them to have a fulfilled life in the community along with their families. This objective of the organization drives all the business functions of the organization in the corresponding community (Bratton, 2012). Values The business model of ABC service agency is based on a number of business values, which focus on the achievement of the organizational objectives. These organizational values create the overall base for the business model of the organization and are described in this section. Care This is the most important organizational value for the ABC service agency, which in turn allows the organization to show compassion and care to the children and adults with disabilities. The caring attitude of the service provider allows the organization to serve or support the customers in a more efficient manner. Responsibility This organizational value of ABC service agency allows it to have full responsibility of the lives of the children and adults with disabilities through effective support. The employees of the organization are encouraged to assume the responsibilities of the lives of the customers to ensure high quality and effectiveness of the services or support provided to the customers in the community. Responsiveness This organizational value of ABC service agency allows the management of the organization to be responsive to the changes in the community and the various factors related to the lives of the customers present in the corresponding community. The responsiveness of the business model of ABC service agency allows it to provide efficient and effective support to the targeted consumers (Mondy, 2016). Organizations HR goals and objectives The goal of the human resource management business process of ABC service agency is to ensure that the human resources available to the organization are utilized efficiently and the skilled employees are retained along with attracting skilled individuals to work for the organization. The human resource management process of ABC service agency also focuses at the creation of an effective workplace for the employees, which in turn leads to the increase in the performance of the individuals in the workplace and the entire organization. Some of the objectives of the human resource management process in ABC service agency are mentioned below, which provide a particular direction to the corresponding business activities of the organization. Attracting and retaining skilled individuals for the role of direct care staff along with the other roles in the business model of the organization. Engaging the employees effectively in various business activities by ensuring that they have complete understanding of the corresponding activities. Enhancing the skills and capabilities of the support staffs present in the organization to provide effective and efficient care to the customers in the communities. Enhancing the capabilities and skills of the mid-level managers present in the workplace to manage the employees in the workplace in an effective manner (Renwick, 2013). Attracting and retaining employees This is the most important HR objective defined in the business model of the ABC service agency, which focuses on attracting and retaining skilled individuals in the workplace of the organization in order to maintain the quality of the services and supports provided to the children and adults with disabilities in the corresponding societies. The HR managers in the ABC service agencies are focusing on the implementation of several strategies for the achievement of this objective in the workplace of the organization. These business strategies focus on a number of options to attract and retain the talented employees in the organization. The HRM process in ABC service agency focuses on providing an effective and flexible workplace to the employees of the organization. The HRM process focuses on providing the facilities to the employees which are best in the industry such as effective number of paid holidays, good payment structure, effective employment condition. The HRM process in ABC service agency also focuses on the maintenance of the high quality workplace for the employees of the organization. The HRM process in ABC service agency also focuses on the training and development activities of the care staff present in the organization (Berman, 2015). Training and development activities The HRM process of the ABC service agency focuses on the training and development activities of the care staff in the organization to ensure the skills of the employees are maintained at the high quality. These training and development activities in the workplace of ABC service industry allow the employees to either learn new skills or enhance the existing skills in order to have more performance in the workplace. This in turn allows the organization to attract and retain skilled employees in the organization. The HRM process allows the employees to go through 80 hours of training or developmental activities every year. The HRM process also arranges various training and developmental activities for the employees to join and learn regarding the services and supports provided by ABC service agency to the children and adults with disabilities. The HRM process of ABC service industry also allows the employees to request the trainings they are interested in, which in turn allows the professional and personal goals of the employees to be achieved in the workplace of the organization (Mello, 2014). PEST analysis This section of the report focuses on the PEST analysis of the organization and the impact of the external environment of the organization on the human resources requirements of the organization. Political factors Government regulations for the recruitment and selection processes Regulations and laws for the employment conditions Laws established for the facilities to be provided in the employment contract Regulations for the quality of the workplace Social factors Perception of the brand of ABC service agency in the society Positioning of the brand by the media Unemployment rate of the society Legal or ethical issues against the organization Economic factors The economic condition of the country Current trend in the economy of the country of operation Job opportunities available in the country Rate of unemployment along with the increasing costs of living in the corresponding country Technological factors Availability of the latest technologies in the corresponding society Regulations to utilize certain technologies for the supports provided by the organization SWOT analysis This section of the report focuses on the SWOT analysis of the external environment of the organization and its impacts on the human resource management process. Strengths Capability of providing new services or supports for the community Dedication of the care staff for the organizational value of care High creativity to provide supports with high effectiveness Strong positive brand image of the organization Weaknesses Need to improve the technologies utilized in the services provided by the organization The mid-tier and line management of the organization need to be improved in terms of performance Recruitment process of the care staff needs be improved Opportunities Possible increase in the visibility of the organization to strengthen the brand image Possibilities to enhance or improve the services provided by the organization to enhance the effectiveness Threats Sudden changes in the social trends The support from the government is getting divided with the other organizations in the corresponding industry Decreasing count of the volunteers for the care staff Requirement of diversity Diversity has always been a concept in demand among the organization operating in various industries. The HRM process of ABC service agency also focuses on the presence of diversity in the workplace of the organization, due to the benefits of maintaining diversity. Some of these requirement and benefits of diversity in the workplace are mentioned below. Better quality of the services or supports provided to the customers due to the presence of care staffs from various backgrounds. Better creativity and innovation in the workplace of the organization due to the presence of individuals from various backgrounds and with different skills. Better capabilities of the workforce of the organization to accept challenges due to the availability of a diverse set of individuals from various backgrounds. Increased number of idea generation due to the presence of diverse workforce. Broader range of services and supports provided to the children and adults with disabilities due to the presence of the diverse workforce (Mathis, 2016). Relevant legislations There are a number of legislations established in the corresponding country to ensure the compliance of the workforce of the ABC service agency to the HR policies. Fair Work Act 2009 forces the workplace of the organizations to be fair to the employees irrespective of their differences. Sex Discrimination Act and the Racial Discrimination Act ensure that the employees in the workplace of ABC service agency arent discriminated on any basis. Work Health and Safety Act 2011 ensures that the workplace of the organization complies to the health and safety guidelines established by the government of the corresponding country. Disability Discrimination Act 1992 ensures that the employees arent discriminated due to any of their disabilities. The equal opportunity act ensures that all the employees in the workplace of the organization are treated equally irrespective of their differences (Armstrong, 2014). Roles and responsibilities of the involved staffs The HR managers and the supervisors will be involved in the implementation of the identified HR option in the workplace of ABC service agency. The HR managers will be responsible for the definition of the entire recruitment plan of the organization. The HR managers are also responsible for planning the terms in the employment contract of the employees (Hendry, 2012). The HR managers ensure that the training and development plan for the employees are created efficiently by keeping the needs of the employees in focus. The supervisors in the workplace of ABC service agency are responsible for guiding the employees of the organization in order to comply to the HR policies. The supervisors are also responsible for tracking the changes in the needs of the employees in order to ensure that the HR policies are modified to effectively satisfy the needs of the employees. Supervisors are responsible for providing the most accurate information regarding the human resources requirements of particular business processes, which in turn allows effective definition of the HR policies (Buller, 2012). External service provider There are a number of service providers available in the corresponding market of operation, who can provide support for the training and development activities included in the HR policies of the ABC service agency. Australian Institute of Training and Development The AITD is a not-for-profit organization responsible for providing various trainings and developmental courses for the working professionals. This service provider can be used in the workplace of ABC service agency in order to implement the training and development HR option successfully in the workplace of the organization. The services provided by AITD ensure that the training and developmental objectives of the HRM process of ABC service agency are met efficiently in order to attract and retain talented care staffs (Alfes, 2013). Benefits of the HR option The HR option of training and developmental activities for the employees of the ABC service agency has a number of benefits, some of which are mentioned in this section of the report. The employees are provided with proper training and developmental opportunities according to their requirements and needs. The employees are satisfied in terms of their learning needs along with the significant increase in their performance in the corresponding industry of operation. The training and development activities attract and retain the skilled employees in the workplace of ABC service agency. The training and development activities also ensure that the employees in the workplace of the organization are kept highly motivated (Storey, 2014). Implementation of the HR option This HR option of providing high quality training and developmental activities to the employees of ABC service agency can be implemented in the operational model of the organization. The training and developmental activities can be integrated into the performance goals and objectives of the employees in the workplace of the organization. The training and developmental activities can also be integrated into the process of analyzing the performance of the organization (Jiang, 2012). References Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., Soane, E. C. (2013). The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model. The international journal of human resource management, 24(2), 330-351. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., Van Wart, M. R. (2015). Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage Publications. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012). Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight. Human resource management review, 22(1), 43-56. Hendry, C. (2012). Human resource management. Routledge. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of management Journal, 55(6), 1264-1294. Mathis, R. L., Jackson, J. H., Valentine, S. R., Meglich, P. (2016). Human resource management. Nelson Education. Mello, J. A. (2014). Strategic human resource management. Nelson Education. Mondy, R., Martocchio, J. J. (2016). Human resource management. Pearson. Nickson, D. (2013). Human resource management for hospitality, tourism and events. Routledge. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management. New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals), 67. Renwick, D. W., Redman, T., Maguire, S. (2013). Green human resource management: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(1), 1-14. Storey, J. (2014). New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge.

The Battle of Okinawa Essay Example

The Battle of Okinawa Essay Few events have shaped the world in such violent and multitudinous ways as the events of World War II. Probably the most profound event was the use of atomic weapons on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This decision was not made lightly and many factors led up to that ultimate outcome, one of those key factors was the Battle of Okinawa. During the Battle of Okinawa the Japanese fought so tenaciously down to almost the last man that it sealed their fate and convinced the President of the United States to use atomic weapons to end the war. The road leading to the invasion of Okinawa, also known as Operation Iceberg (Rottman), began almost a decade earlier. In 1937 Japan, which already had troops stationed in Manchuria, invaded China in an attempt to control the entire eastern coast and seize vast amounts of resources and land. As Japan continued its march south, it also seized control of French Indochina and the islands of the Dutch East Indies. In an attempt to stop Japan the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, ordered an oil embargo and froze all Japanese assets in the U. S. This action was the prime contributor to the December 7th attack on the American fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, which entered the U. S. into World War II (Esposito). In order to stop the Japanese advance through the Pacific the U. S. adopted an â€Å"island hopping† campaign that called for invasions of key islands throughout the Pacific Ocean that would cut off the Japanese supply lines and eventually take the war to the Japanese homeland. In April of 1945, it was determined that Okinawa would be the next island to be invaded. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Okinawa specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Okinawa specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Okinawa specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The actual planning for Operation Iceberg began almost one year prior in May 1944. There were many considerations that had to be weighed before the decision was made on invading Okinawa. The decision for invasion was between Okinawa and the Formosa, an island 100 miles off the coast of China. Both options had their share of pro and cons, but Formosa was ultimately deemed too risky due to its’ large size and ability to be easily reinforced and it was agreed that Okinawa would be the next objective (Rottman). Okinawa was a strategic island in the fact that its three main airfields were being used by Japanese fighters to harass Allied bombing missions heading toward mainland Japan. If the island could be secured then not only would air superiority be complete but that the U. S. could then use those same airfields to strike Japan as Okinawa is located only 320 nm from Japan’s southernmost island of Kyushu. Perhaps more importantly though is the fact that Okinawa would be used as an ideal staging ground for Operation Olympic, the planned invasion of mainland Japan. Olympic had been scheduled for November of 1945 and would have required the use of 14 combat divisions and the largest naval armada in world history (Hallas). However, due to the actions on Okinawa, Operation Olympic was never launched. The Allied forces involved in Iceberg totaled 182,000 combatants divided into five divisions of the U. S. Tenth Army. The U. S. Army divisions involved were the 7th, 27th, 77th, 81st, and 96th , and two Marine divisions, the 1st and 6th, fought on the island while the 2nd Marine Division remained as an amphibious reserve and was never brought ashore. The invasion was also supported by almost 1,500 U. S. and British ships. The Japanese forces on Okinawa totaled over 130,000 men divided into about 2 ? divisions. The primary combat units were the 62nd and 24th Divisions as well as the 44th Independent Mixed Brigade, all three units comprised the Japanese 32nd Army (Rottman). There are two key roles in any armed conflict, that of the combatant and that of the commander. For the Allies the overall commander was Admiral Raymond Spruance, he was in charge of Task Force 50 also known as TF 50, which was a robust mixture of massive Navy, Marine and Army forces. Under TF 50 was Vice Admiral Richmond Turner who was in charge of all Allied ships within the Task Force, his sister commander was Lieutenant General Simon Buckner Jr, who commanded all land forces involved in the invasion and was also the highest ranking American killed in the battle. The Tenth U. S. Army was commanded by Lieutenant General John Hodge and his sister commander of the Marines from the III Amphibious Corps was Lieutenant General Roy Geiger who actually took over for Lieutenant General Buckner after his death on 18 June, 1945 and became the only Marine officer to ever command a field army (Rottman). The Japanese counterparts to the Allied commanders included Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima. He was the commander of the Japanese 32nd Army and was considered a mentor by his subordinates and was described as â€Å"coolly appreciative of reality† (Yahara). Ushijima selected Major General Isamu Cho as his chief-of-staff. Cho had a very different type of personality than Ushijima and was known for his strong emotions, enthusiasm, and boldness. Both Ushijima and Cho committed ritual suicide, hara-kiri, on June 23, 1945 after the bulk of the 32nd Army had been decimated by U. S. forces. While of comparatively junior rank, an equally important, and unique, member of the 32nd Army staff was Colonel Hiromichi Yahara. Yahara was the senior operations and planning officer and was the highest ranking officer to survive the battle, and he advocated a war of attrition, which called for a carefully planned defensive strategy rather than an all-out attack (Tzeng). The invasion began on April 1, 1945, this was both Easter Sunday and April Fool’s Day. It was known as L-day and nicknamed Love Day by the troops coming ashore. Even with over 100,000 troops at his disposal, Ushijima did not defend the beaches beyond some harassing indirect fire from artillery. This was done, for the most part, due to a change in the Japanese tactics and to conserve his resources. In previous island campaigns the standard Japanese tactic was to try and stop the landing at the water’s edge, this proved to be futile and a waste of men when defending against relentless allied bombardment. Ushijima, and his superiors in Japan, knew that the Allies had superior firepower and personnel and that the entire war as well as the battle for Okinawa was in peril, so a new scheme of battle needed to be developed. It was believed that the Americans could not stomach losing large numbers of troops, so the plan was to make the Americans pay dearly for each yard they move forward. The expected result was thought to be that America would be open to negotiations and that Japan could set conditions for the war to end. To help emphasize this concept Ushijima’s staff delivered a message to all Japanese fighters â€Å" One Plane for One Warship. One Boat for One Ship. One Man for Ten of the Enemy or One Tank (Hallas). † This created a paradigm shift in Japanese warfare. In earlier battles the Japanese, following the bushido code, would lead massive banzai charges against their enemy and sacrifice their lives in an attempt to overrun the opposition’s lines. This usually resulted in a total loss of Japanese lives and rarely captured did they capture their objective with this tactic. In Okinawa, however, this was discouraged and men were instead instructed to fight to the last man and not to launch the infamous banzai charge. The only exceptions to this rule were to be one man suicide satchel charges on American tanks and the kamikaze attacks carried out by the Japanese Air Force on the Allied fleet in the surrounding waters. This new static defensive tactic called for massive cave and tunnel construction throughout most of southern Okinawa and used the natural landscape of ravines, cliffs and tunnels and was referred to as â€Å"Prairie dog warfare† by Buckner. The most prominent example of this was the clash on Japanese main defensive line called the Shuri Line. This was a defensive network of caves and natural barriers that were tied in to Shuri Castle, the ancient capital of Okinawa and the 32nd Army Headquarters. The Shuri line was the 32nd Army’s main line of defense and stretched across the width of the southern portion of Okinawa, approximately 5 miles in width. On the western side of the Shuri Line, where the fighting was most fierce, was a collection of small hills that were nicknamed Sugar Loaf, Horseshoe and Halfmoon by the Americans. The assault on these three hills caused large amount of casualties in a short span of time and were considered the most costly to the Allies at a total of over 3,000 killed in action in a six day period (Lacey). In a last ditch effort to push the Allies back Ushijima, at the protest of Yahara, launched a counteroffensive which resulted in 7,000 casualties for the Japanese in one day. This action further weakened the already strained Japanese defense and on May 19,1945 the Shuri Line was broken and the main defense was lost. The remaining Japanese forces retrograded and fighting in small pockets of resistance still waged for over a month, and the island wasn’t finally declared secured until July 2, 1945. Fighting was not only limited to the southern portion of the island alone and while the northern portion had only a notional resistance the island of Ie Shima, located 5 miles off the central west coast, proved to be a very difficult objective to take and produced almost 1,500 U. S. casualties. It was at Ie Shima that the famous war correspondent, Ernie Pyle, was killed while reporting on the battle (Rottman). In stark difference to the land tactics of limited suicide charges, the tactics in the waters surrounding Okinawa was a much different story. The Japanese had used kamikaze attacks in great numbers months earlier in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, now in Okinawa they would be used on an even greater scale. In an attempt to increase the radar range of the Allied fleet, destroyers were sent on radar picket duty and would form a large circle around the aircraft carriers and provide cover. It was these destroyers that took the brunt of the kamikaze aircraft and suicide motorboat attacks. Over 1,500 Japanese aircraft were used in seven major attacks and multiple smaller attacks on American shipping. This resulted in 368 Allied ships damaged and 28 sunk with the human toll at 4,900 killed and 4,800 wounded (Reilly). The U. S. Navy sustained greater casualties in this operation than in any other battle of the war. On April 6, 1945 the Japanese sent the largest battleship ever built, Yamato, on a suicide mission to beach itself on the southern shores of Okinawa and use its massive guns on the Allies. This was called Operation Ten-Go, or Heaven One, by the Japanese. However, the Yamato and most of her 9 escorts were spotted by American submarines and were sunk by U. S. Navy aircraft without ever coming close to their objective (Reilly). On July 2, 1945 after 82 days of the most vicious fighting of World War II the battle was declared officially over. The final costs of the battle were staggering to both sides, the Allies had over 12,500 soldiers, sailors and Marines killed or missing with over 65,000 wounded. The costs in materials were 36 ships sunk and 763 aircraft lost. The Japanese had over 120,000 soldiers and sailors killed with only 7,400 wounded and taken prisoner, they had also lost 16 ships and over 4,000 aircraft (Rottman). Not to be forgotten is the civilian toll, the native Okinawans had lost over 100,000 people, many had been forced into military service or forced to commit mass suicide by the Japanese military when it appeared that the Allies were closing in (Lacey). Ninety percent of the buildings on the island were completely destroyed, and the lush tropical landscape was turned into a vast field of mud, lead, decay and maggots (Tzeng). However, the military value of Okinawa had exceeded all hope, it provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in close proximity to Japan. While the American military began preparations for Operation Olympic the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, pondered a monumental decision. There were two options for victory: one was Operation Olympic which had an estimated cost of 109,000 allied dead/missing and 347,000 wounded, the other was the use of the new super weapons later known as Fatman and Little Boy. After the carnage of Okinawa and in order to justify the use of atomic weapons in lieu of the land invasion President Truman stated â€Å"I do not want another Okinawa from one end of Japan to another (Tzeng)† Okinawa, with such high stakes, was only a fraction of the size of mainland Japan. The nation would savagely resist an invasion despite the depletion of her resources after her defeat at Okinawa. If the United States launched the invasion, the estimated million casualties, from both sides, and drainage of resources incurred would be unimaginable. After much deliberation the decision was made by the president to use the new super weapons and force Japan to surrender quickly instead of dragging out a protracted war for even longer. On August 6th and 9th of 1945 the first and only atomic weapons used on civilian populations were dropped and 6 days later on August 15th 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally and the war was over. It is truly ironic how the actions of the Japanese soldiers on Okinawa directly impacted their homeland in ways they couldn’t have imagined. They defended Okinawa so strongly in an attempt to get America to end the war and negotiate peace. They were trying to save their countrymen, but by doing so they had also shown their resolve to never give up, never give in and to fight to the last man. They had given a glimpse of what could be expected if an attack of the homeland was launched. Their plan had, in turn, helped make a decision that had such a profound impact that it has never been made since.